How neurons communicate with each other at synapses. Chemical vs. electrical synapses.
Log in anshuman28dubey 8 years agoPosted 8 years ago. Direct link to anshuman28dubey's post “is there any thing betwee...” is there any thing between the synaps any fluid or anyting else? • (17 votes) Ilka Plesse 8 years agoPosted 8 years ago. Direct link to Ilka Plesse's post “Yes, the synaptic cleft i...” Yes, the synaptic cleft is filled with extracellular fluid. (28 votes) Anthony Thomas 7 years agoPosted 7 years ago. Direct link to Anthony Thomas's post “I know this article talke...” I know this article talked about the flexibility of synapses, but I still don't understand how different kinds of signals can be transmitted. Does a certain neuron only send one kind of signal only (different signals would be sent by different neurons) or does a certain neuron send multiple kinds of signals by sending different kinds of neurotransmitters? If the former, how are specific cells targeted? If the latter, how are specific neurotransmitters released? • (13 votes) Ivana - Science trainee 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “Each neuron may be connec...” Each neuron may be connected to up to 10,000 other neurons, passing signals to each other via as many as 1,000 trillion synaptic connections. Meaning that a certain neuron sends multiple kinds of signals by sending different kinds of neurotransmitters. Functionally related neurons connect to form neural networks (also known as neural nets or assemblies). The connections between neurons are not static, though, they change over time. The more signals sent between two neurons, the stronger the connection grows. When stimulated by an electrical pulse, neurotransmitters of various types are released, and they cross the cell membrane into the synaptic gap between neurons. These chemicals then bind to chemical receptors in the dendrites of the receiving (post-synaptic) neuron. In the process, they cause changes in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, opening up special gates or channels which let in a flood of charged particles (ions of calcium, sodium, potassium, and chloride). Meaning that upon stimulation, many neurotransmitters are being released into the synaptic cleft. https://human-memory.net/brain-neurons-synapses/ But there a thing called membrane capacitance. Another direct measure of exocytosis is the increase in membrane area due to the incorporation of the secretory granule or vesicle membrane into the plasma membrane. This can be measured by increases in membrane capacitance (Cm). The specific capacitance is mainly determined by the thickness and dielectric constant of the phospholipid bilayer membrane and is similar for intracellular organelles and the plasma membrane. There are only differences between fast secreting neurotransmitters (Acth, dopamine) and slow releasing neuropeptides from neuroendocrine cells. (12 votes) Mark Young 6 years agoPosted 6 years ago. Direct link to Mark Young's post “The 'Synaptic Cleft' has ...” The 'Synaptic Cleft' has an approximately 20 nm separation, How do the axion/dendrite pre/post synaptic terminals maintain their correct separation, that is, how do they stop themselves from touching or stop themselves from separating too far? • (9 votes) Gopu Kapoor 6 years agoPosted 6 years ago. Direct link to Gopu Kapoor's post “In the Synaptic Cleft, th...” In the Synaptic Cleft, there are neurotransmitters that are diffusing from one neuron to the next neuron, and then undergoing receptor-mediated endocytosis with the receptors in the "receiving" neuron (which should require space for receiving them). These neurotransmitters would diffuse away from the synaptic cleft or an enzyme would help clear the rest of the neurotransmitters. I believe that for these enzymes to be able to "sweep away" those neurotransmitters, some space is needed. Furthermore, as only milliseconds pass between some action potentials, the synaptic cleft maintains its distance. (2 votes) Julia Pudar 7 years agoPosted 7 years ago. Direct link to Julia Pudar's post “in "Overview of transmiss...” in "Overview of transmission at chemical synapses," it was stated that a depolarization of the membrane causes an influx of Ca2+ ions into the cell. However, doesn't this influx on positive charge cause depolarization of the cell? I don't understand why depolarizing the membrane would stimulate further depolarization. Wouldn't hyper-polarization of the membrane cause this? • (6 votes) Ivana - Science trainee 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “You got confused because ...” You got confused because both carry a positive charge. I will tell you that speaking of the number of ions, this is almost minor. Yes, we say an influx of Ca+ ions, but there are not many Ca+ ions. Sometimes, only one is enough to bind to SNARE complex of one vesicle to release neurotransmitters- (6 votes) Adithya Sharanya 6 years agoPosted 6 years ago. Direct link to Adithya Sharanya's post “what makes an EPSP or IPS...” what makes an EPSP or IPSP, how are they determined to be excitatory or inhibitory? • (5 votes) Ivana - Science trainee 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “EPSPs are graded potentia...” EPSPs are graded potentials that can initiate an AP in the axon, whereas IPSPs produce a graded potential that lessens the chance of an AP in an axon. I found one paper where it was investigated, but again - Cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that control the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapse function remain poorly understood; no proteins that regulate excitatory and inhibitory synapse strength in a coordinated reciprocal manner have been identified. (2 votes) Sunny Yu 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Sunny Yu's post “Where is the ACTH broken ...” Where is the ACTH broken down into ethanoic acid and choline by the acetylcholinesterase, in the cleft, or postsynaptic neuron? It is definitely broken down after it enters the postsynaptic neuron, right? Why ACTH can not go back to the presynaptic neuron directly, but has to be broken down and brought back? • (4 votes) Ivana - Science trainee 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “Acetylcholine interacts w...” Acetylcholine interacts with postsynaptic receptors a few milliseconds before it is being degraded down by acetylcholinesterase. Then both taken up by presynaptic nerve terminal and recycled. Meaning that degradation happens in the synaptic cleft, actually on the postsynaptic neurons, but right after it already finished its role. https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/vst-nurse-anesthesia-e-book-9780323444378.html?dmnum=12449 (2 votes) Hieu Le 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Hieu Le's post “How did cell membrane evo...” How did cell membrane evolve in synaptic clefts? • (3 votes) Ivana - Science trainee 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “A primordial neurosecreto...” A primordial neurosecretory apparatus in choanoflagellates was identified and it was found that the mechanism, by which presynaptic proteins required for secretion of neurotransmitters interact, is conserved in choanoflagellates and metazoans. Moreover, studies on the postsynaptic protein hom*olog Homer revealed unexpected localization patterns in choanoflagellates and new binding partners, both of which are conserved in metazoans. I think this paper will satisfy you, everyzhing int he one place: (3 votes) natascha.b2000 6 years agoPosted 6 years ago. Direct link to natascha.b2000's post “Why are the neurotransmit...” Why are the neurotransmitter molecules cleaved so fast in the synaptic cleft ( 50molecules/ms)? • (3 votes) Ivana - Science trainee 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “Because it could cause po...” Because it could cause potential disadvantages: (2 votes) somto luck 6 years agoPosted 6 years ago. Direct link to somto luck's post “how do synapses affect yo...” how do synapses affect your reaction time? • (3 votes) Ivana - Science trainee 5 years agoPosted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “They little delay the rea...” They little delay the reaction. The overall synaptic delay and estimated number of synapses (ENOS) of simple tactile reaction neuronal circuits of normal subjects did not significantly vary with site of tactile stimulation or effector organ. The overall synaptic delay in the tactile reaction neuronal circuits between SOS and the left and right big toes were significantly lower in sniffers than in control subjects. This may be due to a decrease in either the average synaptic delay, the number of synapses, or both in the tactile reaction neuronal circuits between sites of stimulation and big toes (but not index fingers) in sniffers. (2 votes) Sana Awan 4 years agoPosted 4 years ago. Direct link to Sana Awan's post “Can we see electrical syn...” Can we see electrical synapses in FMRI just like its name electrical? Do the both look like the same in FMRI? • (3 votes)Want to join the conversation?
And if there is indeed- Failures in this gap separation, then what would be the diseases associated with both the touching condition and the over separation condition of the terminals?
The knockdown of cadherin-10 reduces excitatory but increases inhibitory synapse size and strength.
https://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/4/506
1. further delaying of response
2. overcrowding of neurotransmitters and too enhanced answer
3. what if new stimulation happens in a short time and neurotransmitters are not recycled? Who would respond to it then?
